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Peer instruction
Peer instruction is an evidence-based, interactive teaching method developed by Harvard Professor Eric Mazur in the early 1990s.〔(Eric Mazur (1997). Peer Instruction: A User's Manual Series in Educational Innovation. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ )〕 Originally used to improve learning in introductory undergraduate physics classes at Harvard University, peer instruction is used in various disciplines and institutions around the globe. It is a student-centered approach that involves flipping the traditional classroom by moving information transfer out and moving information assimilation, or application of learning, into the classroom. There is some research that supports the effectiveness of peer instruction over more traditional teaching methods, such as pure lecture.〔(C. Crouch & E. Mazur (2001). Peer Instruction: Ten Years of Experience and Results, Am. J. Phys., v69, 970-977 )〕
Peer instruction as a learning system involves students preparing to learn outside of class by doing pre-class readings and answering questions about those readings using another method, called Just in Time Teaching.〔G. Novak et al., (1999). Just-in-Time teaching: Blending Active Learning with Web Technology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ〕 Then, in class, the instructor engages students by posing prepared conceptual questions or ConcepTests that are based on student difficulties. The questioning procedure outlined by Eric Mazur is as follows:
# Instructor poses question based on students' responses to their pre-class reading
# Students reflect on the question
# Students commit to an individual answer
# Instructor reviews student responses
# Students discuss their thinking and answers with their peers
# Students then commit again to an individual answer
# The instructor again reviews responses and decides whether more explanation is needed before moving on to the next concept.〔〔 (C. Turpen and N. Finkelstein (2010). The construction of different classroom norms during Peer Instruction: Students perceive differences, Physical Review Special Topics, Physics Education Research,v6, n2 )〕
Peer instruction is now used in a range of institutional types〔(A. P. Fagen, C. H. Crouch & E. Mazur (2002). Peer Instruction: Results from a Range of Classrooms Phys. Teach., v40, 206-209 )〕〔(N. Lasry, E. Mazur & J. Watkins (2008). Peer Instruction: From Harvard to Community Colleges, Am. J. Phys., v76, 1066-1069 )〕 around the globe〔(D. Suppapittayaporn et al. (2008). The effectiveness of peer instruction and structured inquiry on conceptual understanding of force and motion: a case study from Thailand. Research in Science & Technology Education )〕〔(D. J. Nicol and J. T. Boyle (2003). Peer Instruction versus Class-wide Discussion in the large classes: a comparison of two interaction methods in the wired classroom, Studies in Higher Education, v28, n4, 458-73 )〕 and in many other disciplines, including philosophy,〔(S. Butchart, T. Handfield & G. Restall (2009). Using Peer Instruction to Teach Philosophy, Logic and Critical Thinking. Teaching Philosophy, v32, n1, 1–40 )〕 psychology,〔S.L. Chew. (2004). Using concepTests for formative assessment, Psychology Teacher Network, v14, n1, 10-12〕 geology,〔(D. McConnell, D. Steer, & K. Owens (2003). Assessment and active learning strategies for introductory geology courses, Journal of Geoscience Education, v51, n2, 205-216 ),〕 biology,〔(M. Smith, W.B. wood, W.K Adams, et al. (2009).Why Peer Discussion Improves Student Performance on In-Class Concept Questions, Science, v232, n5190, 122-124 )〕 math,〔S. Pilzer (2001). Peer Instruction in Physics and Mathematics. Primus, v11, n1, 185-92〕 computer science〔(Beth Simon, et al. "Experience report: peer instruction in introductory computing." ACM (2010). )〕 and engineering.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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